Dance Performance Rates & Pricing Guide 2026

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Dance Performance Rates & Pricing Guide 2026

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Dance Performance Rates & Pricing Guide 2026

  • Skill Set and Specialization: Are you a versatile dancer proficient in multiple styles, or do you specialize in a niche genre like Bharatanatyam, aerial dance, or krumping? Highly specialized skills, especially those that are rare or in high demand, can command premium rates. If you offer acrobatic feats, fire dancing, or complex aerial routines, these require specific training, equipment, and risk assessment, all of which should be factored into your pricing. The uniqueness of your offering plays a significant role in market positioning.
  • Demand for Your Services: Like any market, supply and demand play a crucial role. If you are a highly sought-after performer, especially during peak seasons (e.g., holiday events, wedding season), you can increase your rates. Conversely, if you're just starting or entering a saturated market, you might need to adjust your pricing to be competitive. Understanding local market demand, especially when moving between cities like Berlin and Buenos Aires, is vital for remote workers.
  • Type of Performance/Event: The context of the performance dramatically alters the pricing. A corporate gala demanding a highly polished, professional act will pay more than a local charity event or a small festival. Weddings, private parties, music videos, theatrical productions, commercial shoots, and instructional workshops all have different budget ceilings and expectations. A one-off performance at a major event might be higher than an ongoing gig with regular rehearsals.
  • Geographic Location: This is particularly relevant for digital nomads. The cost of living and average income levels within a specific region directly impact what clients are willing and able to pay. Performance rates in New York City or London will generally be higher than in smaller towns or regions with lower economic activity. When performing remotely or creating digital content, you can sometimes bypass these geographical constraints by targeting higher-paying markets. For those considering a move, our city guides offer valuable insights into various locations. ### The True Cost of Your Time: Beyond the Stage Many dancers make the mistake of only considering the time spent on stage. However, the actual work involved in a performance extends far beyond the spotlight. * Rehearsal Hours: This is often the largest hidden cost. For every minute on stage, there could be hours, days, or even weeks of rehearsal. This time includes learning choreography, perfecting technique, blocking, and group synchronization. Rehearsal time must be factored into your total fee, preferably at a rate that reflects your professional value, even if it's slightly lower than your "on-stage" rate.
  • Preparation and Travel Time: Getting to and from the venue, setting up, sound checks, makeup, hair, and costume changes all consume valuable time. If travel involves significant distances, flights, or extended stays, these logistical costs and the time spent traveling must be included. For international gigs, visa applications and passport renewals also add to the preparation burden. Our guide to managing travel expenses can be helpful here.
  • Administrative Tasks: Communicating with clients, drafting contracts, invoicing, marketing yourself, and managing your bookings are all essential parts of running your dance business. While these aren't directly billable per se for a single performance, they are overheads that need to be supported by your rates.
  • Costume/Prop Procurement & Maintenance: If you are responsible for providing your own costumes or props, the cost of these items – and the time spent acquiring or creating them – must be recovered. This includes cleaning, repairs, and transportation of bulky items.
  • Creative Labor/Choreography: If you are commissioned to create original choreography, this is a separate service that should be priced independently or as a significant add-on. Choreography involves artistic vision, conceptualization, and the intellectual property of your unique movement language. This is a highly skilled service often priced per piece or as a flat rate based on complexity. By meticulously accounting for all these factors, you can arrive at a more accurate and justifiable baseline for your performance rates. This detailed approach ensures that your pricing reflects the full scope of your dedication and work, not just the fleeting moments of a show. For those looking to manage their time effectively across various projects, our section on productivity hacks for remote workers offers practical advice. ## Common Pricing Models for Dance Professionals Navigating the various ways to structure your fees is a critical skill for any dance professional, especially those operating across different markets as digital nomads. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the type of engagement. ### 1. Hourly Rates This is one of the most straightforward pricing models and is often suitable for rehearsals, teaching, workshops, or gigs where the exact performance duration might be flexible or extend beyond initial estimates. * How it works: You charge a fixed rate per hour for your time.
  • When to use it: Rehearsals: Many choreographers or companies will pay dancers an hourly rate for rehearsal time. Teaching/Workshops: Ideal for masterclasses, private lessons, or ongoing studio classes. Stand-in/Fill-in Gigs: If you're stepping in for a specific portion of a show or a temporary role, an hourly rate can be appropriate. Consultation: Providing choreographic advice or movement direction.
  • Considerations: Minimums: Always establish a minimum number of hours (e.g., "2-hour minimum booking") to avoid short, underpaid engagements that consume significant travel and prep time. Tiered Rates: You might have different hourly rates for different activities (e.g., performance vs. rehearsal vs. teaching). Performance-rate hours usually command a higher fee. * Overtime: Clarify overtime rates for engagements that run significantly longer than expected.
  • Example: A contemporary dancer might charge \$40-$75 per hour for rehearsals, but \$100-$200 per hour for an actual performance, with a 2-hour minimum for any booking. For an international digital nomad teaching online classes, an hourly rate for private lessons could range from \$50 to \$150 depending on their niche and target audience, often using platforms that simplify payments for freelancers. ### 2. Per-Performance / Flat Fees This model involves a single agreed-upon fee for an entire performance or event, regardless of the precise hours involved beyond the show itself. It's common for specific events and theatrical productions. * How it works: A single fee is agreed upon for the complete performance, often including a set number of rehearsals or a specific duration of the show.
  • When to use it: Corporate Events: Galas, product launches, brand activations. Weddings/Private Parties: A set routine or freestyle performance for a specific duration. Theatrical Runs: For a run of shows (e.g., a weekend engagement, a week-long festival), a flat fee per show or per run is common. Music Videos/Commercials: Project-based work with a clear deliverable.
  • Considerations: Define Scope Clearly: The contract must explicitly state what the flat fee includes: number of performances, duration, number of rehearsals, travel, costume requirements, etc. Underestimation Risk: Be careful not to underestimate the time and effort involved, especially with rehearsals. Factor in all potential hours. * Multiple Shows: If there are multiple shows in a single day or consecutive days, ensure the flat fee adequately compensates for the accumulated effort and exhaustion. Often, the fee per additional show might be slightly lower than the first but should still be substantial.
  • Example: A pair of salsa dancers might charge \$800 for a 15-minute showcase at a corporate event, which includes two 3-hour rehearsals beforehand. A dancer might receive \$300 per show for a run of 5 theatrical performances over a weekend. ### 3. Project-Based Fees Similar to flat fees, but often for larger artistic endeavors that incorporate multiple elements beyond just performance, such as choreography, concept development, and direction. * How it works: A single fee for a defined project with multiple components and a clear end goal.
  • When to use it: Choreography Commissions: Creating an entirely new piece for a company, school, or independent artist. Long-term Residencies: A period of creation and performance at a venue or institution. * Full Production Involvement: Being hired to choreograph, direct, and perform in a specific show or video.
  • Considerations: Detailed Scope Document: Crucial for projects. Break down all deliverables, timelines, and responsibilities. Milestone Payments: Structure the project with payments tied to specific milestones (e.g., 25% upfront, 25% upon completion of choreography, 25% after first rehearsal, 25% upon final performance). This protects both parties. * Revisions/Scope Creep: Clearly define how revisions or changes to the project scope will be handled and if they incur additional fees.
  • Example: A contemporary choreographer might charge \$5,000-\$15,000 for creating an original 20-minute piece for a dance company, including concept development, choreography, and overseeing rehearsals for 6 weeks, culminating in its premiere. ### 4. Retainer / Contractual Agreements For ongoing work, a retainer model provides a steady income stream and predictability. * How it works: A client pays a recurring fee for a set amount of your time or specific services over a defined period (e.g., monthly).
  • When to use it: Company Dancers: Dancers employed by a company for a season or year. Regular Instructors: Teaching multiple classes weekly at a studio. Brand Ambassadors/Influencers: Dancers who regularly create content or perform for a specific brand. Ongoing Digital Content Creation: Providing monthly choreography or instructional videos for an online platform or subscription service.
  • Considerations: Clear Expectations: Define the deliverables, hours, and roles precisely to avoid disputes. Renewal Terms: Establish how and when the retainer will be reviewed or renewed. * Exclusivity: If the retainer limits your ability to work for other clients, this should be reflected in a higher fee.
  • Example: A dancer signing a one-year contract with a cruise line might receive a monthly salary of \$3,000-\$5,000, which includes performance, rehearsal, and other duties. A digital nomad might secure a monthly retainer of \$1,500 with an online fitness platform to create four new dance workout videos per month. ### 5. Commission-Based / Revenue Share Less common for direct performance, but sometimes applicable for certain artistic ventures or collaborative projects. * How it works: Your compensation is a percentage of ticket sales, merchandise, or overall project revenue.
  • When to use it: Independent Productions: Collaborating on a show where all parties share the financial risk and reward. Touring without Upfront Fees: Sometimes, smaller independent tours operate on a percentage of door sales. * Digital Product Sales: Selling online courses or e-books where you earn a percentage of each sale.
  • Considerations: Risk: This model carries higher financial risk as your income isn't guaranteed. Transparency: Absolute transparency with revenue tracking is essential. * Minimum Guarantees: Always aim for a minimum guaranteed fee or an advance against commission to mitigate risk.
  • Example: A choreographer contributing to a fringe festival production might receive 10% of ticket sales after production costs are covered, with a minimum guaranteed payment of \$500. Choosing the right pricing model depends on the specific engagement, your client's needs, and your own business goals. Often, a professional dancer will use a combination of these models across their various projects and roles. Understanding these options allows you to be flexible and strategic in your negotiations, ensuring you maximize your earning potential while providing value. For further insights into business structures, refer to our guide on starting a remote business. ## Factors That Increase or Decrease Your Rates While core elements form the baseline, numerous other factors can significantly adjust your dance performance rates upwards or downwards. Being aware of these can provide valuable negotiation or signal when to be more flexible. ### Factors That Increase Your Rates: 1. Exclusivity Clause: If a client requests that you do not perform for competitors or at similar events within a certain timeframe or geographic area, this significantly limits your earning potential from other sources. This restriction must command a higher fee. For example, if you're the sole aerial performer at a corporate event, and they want you to avoid performing for another company in the same city for a month, that has a clear value.

2. Rush Bookings / Short Notice: If a client needs a dancer within 24-72 hours, it often means dropping other plans, rearranging schedules, and working under pressure. Charge a premium for urgent requests. A standard rush fee might be an additional 25-50% of your regular rate. This applies to both local gigs in Prague or urgent remote choreography requests.

3. High-Profile Events / Media Exposure: Performing at a major concert, a televised event, or a large-scale commercial where you will receive significant media exposure and potentially reach millions of viewers warrants a higher fee. While exposure can be a benefit, it should not be the sole compensation. Your professional value shouldn't be discounted for "exposure bucks."

4. Special Skills / Dangerous Elements: Routines involving fire, aerial silks (without rigging provided), intricate prop manipulation, or significant physical risk (e.g., partner acrobatics, extensive lifting) require specialized training, extra insurance, and often dedicated safety personnel. These highly specialized and risky skills command a premium.

5. Costume/Prop Provision: If you are expected to provide your own elaborate costumes or specialized props (beyond basic dancewear), and these are significant investments, factor their cost into your fee. Alternatively, charge a separate rental or usage fee.

6. Extensive Travel / Overnight Stays: If a performance requires significant travel time (beyond a reasonable commute) or necessitates an overnight stay, ensure your rates cover all expenses (flights, accommodation, per diems for food) and compensate for your time away from home. For digital nomads frequently on the move, clearly outlining your travel allowances is essential.

7. Unusual or Challenging Conditions: Performing in extreme weather (outdoors in cold or heat), on unconventional surfaces (sand, uneven ground), or in crowded/tight spaces, or requiring quick multiple costume changes with limited backstage help, adds physical and logistical difficulty. These challenges warrant an increased rate.

8. Intellectual Property / Usage Rights: If your performance is being recorded for commercial use (TV, film, advertising, ongoing digital content), you should negotiate usage rights. This is separate from your performance fee and compensates you for the ongoing commercial use of your image and performance. This is a critical area for remote content creators.

9. Leadership/Direction Role: If you are acting as a dance captain, choreographer, or assistant director in addition to performing, you are taking on higher-level responsibilities and should be compensated accordingly. This often means a higher hourly or flat rate than other dancers in the ensemble. ### Factors That Decrease Your Rates (or allow for flexibility): 1. Long-Term Engagements / Repeat Business: For a client offering consistent, ongoing work (e.g., a weekly class, a recurring performance gig), you might offer a slightly reduced rate compared to one-off bookings, as the predictability and reduced marketing effort are valuable.

2. Passion Projects / Artistic Residencies: Sometimes, you might choose to take a lower rate (or even perform pro bono) for projects that align deeply with your artistic vision, provide significant creative fulfillment, or offer unique developmental opportunities. This should be a conscious choice, not an expectation from clients.

3. Charity Events / Non-Profits: For genuinely charitable causes, you might offer a reduced rate or volunteer your time. However, be discerning and ensure the organization is truly non-profit and not exploiting your generosity. Clarify if their budget truly doesn't allow for fair compensation.

4. Significant Exposure / Networking Opportunities (with caution): While "exposure" alone shouldn't be payment, a genuine opportunity to perform for a highly influential audience that could lead to significant future bookings might justify a slight reduction if you're strategic. This needs careful evaluation. For instance, performing for a specific director who is known to hire frequently might be a calculated risk.

5. Reduced Responsibilities: If the client provides all costumes, styling, and a fully rehearsed, clear brief with minimal personal input required from you, this reduces your prep time and effort, potentially allowing for a slightly lower rate.

6. As part of a larger package deal: If you are offering a suite of services (e.g., choreography, performance, and then coaching), you might offer a slightly more attractive rate for the full package than for each service individually. This is a common sales strategy.

7. When building a portfolio or breaking into a new market: For emerging dancers or those entering a new geographical market like Medellin where reputation is yet to be established, being flexible with rates initially can help build a client base and portfolio. This should be a temporary strategy, not a permanent pricing model. Flexibility is a strength, but it must be informed flexibility. Understand your minimum viable rate and only concede when there's a clear, quantifiable benefit that outweighs the reduction. Always be prepared to justify your asking price based on these factors. ## How to Calculate Your Baseline Rate Establishing a fair baseline rate is the cornerstone of effective pricing. This isn't about guesswork; it's about a systematic calculation of your worth. For a digital nomad, this might mean adjusting your base rate depending on the client's home country or the economic context of the performance. ### 1. Determine Your Desired Annual Income (Your Target Salary) Financial Needs Assessment: Start with how much you need to earn annually to cover your living expenses, savings, insurance (health, liability, equipment), retirement contributions, and personal development (training, workshops). Example for a digital nomad: You estimate your annual living expenses in a city like Chiang Mai to be \$20,000. You want to save \$5,000, spend \$2,000 on continued training, and cover \$3,000 in insurance/other overheads. Your target annual income is \$30,000.

  • Factor in "Desired Lifestyle": Beyond basic needs, what standard of living do you aspire to? This might include regular travel, dining out, or specific hobbies.
  • Safety Net/Buffer: Always include a buffer for unexpected costs or periods of low work. ### 2. Estimate Your Available Working Hours Annually * Total Workable Weeks: Typically 52 weeks in a year, but factor in holidays, sick days, and planned vacations. Let's say 48 workweeks.
  • Daily/Weekly Work Hours: How many hours a day/week are you realistically willing and able to dedicate to dance-related work (rehearsals, performance, travel, admin, training)? Not all of these will be billable. Example:* 40 hours/week is a common full-time estimate.
  • Subtract Non-Billable Hours: This is crucial. A significant portion of your time won't be directly paid for. Estimate: Admin/Marketing: 5-10 hours/week (emails, invoicing, social media, website updates). Training/Skill Development: 5-10 hours/week (classes, personal practice). Unpaid Auditions/Networking: Variable. Downtime between gigs: This is the most crucial; you won't have back-to-back paid gigs every hour of every day. Realistic Billable Hours: If you work 40 hours/week, you might only have 20-25 hours of directly billable time. Let's assume 20 billable hours/week x 48 weeks = 960 billable hours per year. ### 3. Calculate Your Ideal Hourly Rate Formula: (Desired Annual Income + Annual Business Expenses) / Realistic Annual Billable Hours
  • Example based on above: (\$30,000 income + \$2,000 business expenses) / 960 billable hours = \$33,000 / 960 = \$34.375 per hour. Let's round this up to \$35/hour. This \$35/hour is your absolute minimum gross hourly rate that covers your basic needs and costs. This is not necessarily your performance rate, but a baseline for all your dance-related work. ### 4. Adjusting for Performance vs. Rehearsal vs. Teaching Your baseline hourly rate is a starting point. Performance rates are generally higher because they carry more pressure, require peak physical output, and are often the culmination of many hours of unpaid preparation. * Rehearsal Rate: Might be your baseline hourly rate or slightly above it (e.g., \$35-\$50/hour).
  • Teaching Rate: Can vary widely based on your expertise and the type of class. Private lessons command exponentially more than group classes. (e.g., group class \$40-70/hour, private \$75-150/hour).
  • Performance Rate: This should be significantly higher. Multipliers ranging from 2x to 5x your baseline hourly rate are common, depending on the factors discussed previously (exclusivity, complexity, exposure, etc.). Example: For a performance, you might aim for 3x your baseline. So, \$35 x 3 = \$105/hour. ### 5. Converting to Per-Performance or Project Fees Once you have your ideal performance hourly rate, you can use it to build flat fees: Estimate Total Time: Calculate all the time involved for a specific gig: Example Gig: A 15-minute solo. Rehearsal: 6 hours (at \$40/hour = \$240) Travel: 2 hours (at your performance hourly rate, or a reduced rate for non-performance travel = \$210 at \$105/hr) Prep (costume, makeup, warming up): 2 hours (at performance rate = \$210) Performance: 15 minutes (billed as 1 hour minimum for such a short segment, at performance rate = \$105) Administrative Buffer: Add a buffer for emails, invoicing (e.g., 1-2 hours at rehearsal rate = \$40-80). Total Estimated Cost/Time: 6+2+2+1+1 = 12 hours. Calculation: Total cost = Rehearsals + Travel + Prep + Performance + Admin \$240 + \$210 + \$210 + \$105 + \$80 = \$845. So, for that 15-minute solo performance, your flat fee could realistically be around \$800-\$1000, including all prep. This number is far more than just picking a "per-minute" rate. This structured approach helps in clear freelance contract preparation too. Remember, these are minimums and starting points for negotiation. Your market value, brand, and the specific demands of the gig will ultimately dictate your final price. Always consider the perception of value; sometimes, a higher price can convey a higher quality of service. This approach ensures you're not just covering costs but building a sustainable and profitable career in dance. To ensure you're always growing, refer to our article on continuous learning for remote workers. ## Negotiating and Contracting Your Rates Once you've calculated your baseline rates, the next crucial step is effectively communicating and negotiating them with clients. This involves confidence, clarity, and contractual agreements. For digital nomads dealing with international clients, understanding cultural nuances in negotiation can also be beneficial. ### Presenting Your Rates Confidently Know Your Value: Go into every negotiation with a clear understanding of your skill, experience, and the costs you've calculated. Confidence in your pricing comes from knowing it's fair and justified.
  • Anchor High (Within Reason): It's often strategic to present an initial rate slightly higher than your ideal, leaving room for negotiation. However, don't price yourself out of the market entirely.
  • Be Prepared to Justify: When asked about your rates, be ready to explain what they cover (rehearsal time, travel, costume, expertise, specific skills). Don't just state a number; explain the value. "My rate for this performance is \$X, which includes Y hours of rehearsal, costume preparation, event travel, and my 10 years of specialized contemporary experience."
  • Focus on Value, Not Just Cost: Frame your rates in terms of the value you bring to the client: increased audience engagement, memorable event moments, unique artistic vision, reliability, and professionalism. "By investing in experienced performers, you ensure a flawless and captivating experience for your guests."
  • Provide Options: Sometimes, offering different package tiers can be effective. For example, "Option A (standard package): \$X for solo performance, 2 rehearsals. Option B (premium package): \$Y for solo performance, 4 rehearsals, custom costume design, and a post-performance Q&A session." ### Dealing with "Exposure" and Lowball Offers * "Exposure" is Not Payment: While some legitimate artistic opportunities might exist at lower pay to gain experience or network, this should be a conscious and rare choice. Most "exposure" offers are attempts to get free or deeply discounted labor. Politely but firmly explain that while you appreciate the opportunity, your highly specialized skills come at a professional rate.
  • Identify "Exploitative" vs. "Budget-Constrained": Learn to differentiate. A small non-profit with a genuinely limited budget might be open to negotiation or a partial trade, whereas a large corporation claiming "no budget for artists" is often disingenuous.
  • Say No Gracefully: It's okay to decline an offer that doesn't meet your minimums. "Thank you for the offer, but my standard rates for such a performance are higher than what's currently budgeted. I wish you the best with your event." This maintains your professional integrity.
  • Suggest Alternatives: If a client genuinely can't afford your full rate, you might suggest: A shorter act or fewer dancers. Fewer customized elements. A less experienced dancer from your network (if appropriate and you're not sacrificing quality). A split payment plan. ### The Importance of a Written Contract This cannot be stressed enough. A clear, contract protects both you and the client and prevents misunderstandings. For digital nomads dealing with clients across borders, a written agreement is even more critical for legal recourse. Key Contract Elements (Must-Haves): 1. Parties Involved: Full legal names and contact information of the dancer(s) and client/organization. 2. Date of Agreement: When the contract is entered into. 3. Specific Services: Detailed description of the performance(s), including style, duration, number of dancers, specific choreography, music requirements. 4. Dates, Times, and Locations: Exact performance dates, call times, rehearsal schedules, and venue addresses. 5. Compensation: Total agreed-upon fee. Billing structure (hourly, flat fee, project-based). Payment schedule (e.g., 50% upfront deposit, remaining 50% upon performance completion). Accepted payment methods. Late payment penalties. 6. Expenses: Clearly define who is responsible for travel, accommodation, per diems, costume costs, props, and any special equipment. 7. Cancellation Policy: Crucial! Client cancellation terms: What happens if they cancel? (e.g., non-refundable deposit, percentage of fee due based on notice period). Performer cancellation terms: What happens if you must cancel due to unforeseen circumstances (e.g., illness, emergency)? (e.g., finding a replacement, full refund of deposit). 8. Revisions and Changes: How are changes to the original scope handled? (e.g., additional fees for extra rehearsals, new choreography, extended performance time). 9. Intellectual Property / Usage Rights: If the performance is recorded, specify who owns the footage, how it can be used, and for how long. Any commercial use should involve additional licensing fees. This is critical for content creators. 10. Insurance: Specify who is responsible for liability insurance for performers and the event. 11. Technical Requirements: Sound, lighting, stage size, dressing room access. 12. Force Majeure Clause: What happens in cases of "acts of God" or events beyond control (natural disasters, pandemics)? 13. Governing Law: Essential for international contracts. Which country/state's laws will apply if a dispute arises? Our guide on legal requirements for remote workers offers more detail. 14. Signatures: Signed by all parties. * Use Templates (but customize): You can find contract templates online, but always customize them to your specific needs and the laws of the relevant jurisdiction. Consulting with a legal professional for your template is a worthwhile investment.
  • Digital Signatures: For remote work, digital signature platforms are incredibly convenient and legally binding. By mastering the art of negotiation and securing your agreements with airtight contracts, you not only protect your income but also build a reputation as a professional, organized, and reliable artist, which is invaluable in the long run. Many digital nomad platforms offer resources for creating professional profiles that highlight these qualities. ## Niche Specializations and Their Pricing Considerations The world of dance is incredibly diverse, and pricing can vary dramatically within different specializations. Digital nomads often find success by carving out a niche that can be marketed globally or in specific high-demand locations. ### 1. Ballet Dancers * Considerations: Extensive and costly training, high physical demand, often unionized in major companies.
  • Pricing: Company Dancers: Salaries range widely from apprentice rates (\$200-\$400/week) to principal dancers (\$1,500-\$3,000+ per week or per show, especially for major companies). These are often contracted for a season. Freelance Performances: Similar to general performance rates, but often higher due to the technical demands. A principal dancer might command \$500-\$2000 per show for a guest appearance. * Teaching/Coaching: Highly sought-after ballet teachers and coaches can charge \$75-\$200+ per hour for private lessons, particularly for pre-professional students.
  • Example: A freelance ballet dancer in an expensive city like Paris, hired for a corporate event to perform a short classical piece, might charge \$800-$1,500 per performance, inclusive of 2-3 rehearsals. ### 2. Contemporary & Modern Dancers * Considerations: Often physically demanding, requires versatility, strong improvisational skills. Can be project-based.
  • Pricing: * Project-based (Independent Choreographers/Companies): Often paid per project or a flat fee for a rehearsal and performance period. Rates can vary wildly from \$500 for a small project to several thousand for a major collaborative work.

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