Essential Automation Skills for 2024 for Photo, Video & Audio Production
2. Folder Structure Creation: Based on your renaming conventions, files can be automatically sorted into specific folders. For a videographer, this might mean creating `ProjectName/Raw_Footage/CameraA`, `ProjectName/Audio/Boom`, `ProjectName/Stills`, etc. This structured approach is vital for long-term archiving and efficient retrieval. Using watch folders with tools like Hazel (Mac) or Directory Opus (Windows) can further automate this post-ingest.
3. Backup Initiation: Upon import, automation scripts can trigger immediate backups to external drives or cloud storage like Google Drive or Dropbox. This ensures that your valuable creative assets are protected from the moment they enter your system. This is a critical component of a remote work cybersecurity strategy. ### Metadata Automation for Enhanced Searchability Metadata – data about your data – is arguably even more powerful than file naming for long-term organization and searchability. While manual tagging can be time-consuming, automation simplifies the process significantly. * Embedded Metadata: Cameras and recorders automatically embed basic metadata like capture date, camera model, lens used, and technical settings (ISO, aperture, shutter speed). Automation tools can read and utilize this information for sorting and filtering.
- Batch Tagging: Rather than applying keywords one-by-one, scripts or software functionalities allow you to apply a standard set of keywords, copyright information, and client details to hundreds of files at once. For example, all photos from a "Summer Festival" project can instantly receive "Summer Festival 2024," "Music," "Outdoor Event," etc., as keywords.
- AI-Powered Tagging: The growth of AI in content creation means that tools are now emerging that can automatically analyze images and videos to suggest or even apply relevant tags. For instance, an AI might recognize "beach," "sunset," "people," "water," and "travel" in a series of vacation photos. This significantly reduces manual effort and improves the depth of your metadata. This is a prime example of AI tools for digital nomads in action.
- Geotagging: For photographers and videographers who travel frequently, geotagging can be automated. Many cameras have built-in GPS, but for those that don't, you can sync track logs from your phone or a dedicated GPS device with your media using tools like Lightroom or specialized geotagging software. This allows you to quickly find all media shot in a particular city, whether it's Tokyo or Cape Town. Practical Tip: Create reusable metadata templates for different project types or clients. These templates can include your copyright information, common keywords, and contact details. When importing new media, apply the relevant template to automatically populate this information, saving you countless keystrokes and ensuring consistency. By effectively automating file management and metadata application, you transform your digital archives from a jumbled mess into a highly organized, searchable library. This not only saves you immense amounts of time when searching for specific assets but also ensures that your work is correctly attributed and protected. It's an indispensable skill for any content creator aiming for efficiency and professionalism. ## AI-Powered Culling and Selection for Photo & Video One of the most time-consuming initial steps in both photography and videography is the culling or selection process. Sifting through thousands of raw images or hours of footage to find the keepers, identify duplicates, or flag technical issues can be an exhaustive task. Fortunately, AI is rapidly changing this, offering powerful tools to automate much of this preliminary selection, freeing up creative professionals to focus on the more nuanced decisions. ### Automated Photo Culling For photographers, especially those shooting events, sports, or high-volume commercial work, the sheer number of images can be overwhelming. AI-powered culling tools can significantly reduce this burden: * Duplicate Detection: AI can quickly identify and group near-duplicate shots, helping you select the sharpest or best-composed version from a burst.
- Technical Quality Assessment: Algorithms can analyze images for sharpness (focus), exposure issues, closed eyes, blinks, and even facial expressions to suggest the "best" shots. Tools like AfterShoot or Narrative Select use AI to score images, allowing photographers to focus only on the highest-rated pictures.
- Smart Tagging & Grouping: Beyond technical quality, some AI can recognize subjects, scenes, or actions within images and group them accordingly. This can be invaluable for organizing a diverse shoot into logical categories.
- Predictive Culling: Some advanced systems learn from your past culling decisions. Over time, they can adapt to your style and preferences, making even more accurate suggestions based on what you typically keep or discard. Actionable Advice: Integrate an AI culling tool into your workflow immediately after importing and backing up your images. Use its suggestions as a first pass, then spend your valuable time on the remaining, higher-quality images for final selection and artistic judgment. This process can reduce culling time by 50-80%. ### Intelligent Video Selection and Transcription Video production presents similar, if not greater, challenges in the selection phase due to the time-based nature of the media. AI tools are proving revolutionary here: * Speech-to-Text Transcription: One of the most impactful automations is reliable speech-to-text transcription. Services like Otter.ai, Happy Scribe, or built-in functionalities in Adobe Premiere Pro and DaVinci Resolve can transcribe entire interviews, voiceovers, or dialogues. This not only makes your footage searchable by keyword but also enables text-based editing. Imagine simply deleting a sentence from the transcript to remove it from your video timeline – this is becoming a reality. This also greatly aids in creating accessible content for global audiences.
- Scene Detection: AI can automatically identify scene changes, making it easier to break long clips into manageable segments. This is especially useful for documentary footage or multi-camera setups.
- Object and Action Recognition: More advanced AI can identify specific objects, faces, or actions within video clips. For example, if you're looking for all shots containing a specific person or a particular activity, AI can quickly flag these segments.
- Automated Highlight Reels: Given a set of criteria (e.g., fast-paced segments, certain facial expressions, presence of specific objects), AI can even generate initial highlight reels or B-roll selects, providing a foundation for your creative edit. Tools like Blackmagic Design's DaVinci Resolve Studio are increasingly integrating these AI capabilities directly into the editing environment.
- Rough Cut Generation: While still nascent, AI is making strides in generating basic rough cuts based on a script or a sequence of key points. This can provide a starting point for editors, especially for corporate videos or educational content. Real-world Example: A digital nomad videographer working on a travel vlog series can film hours of content in Hanoi. Instead of manually scrubbing through every clip to find interview soundbites or specific shots of a landmark, she can use AI transcription to quickly locate all mentions of "Old Quarter" or "street food," and object recognition to find all clips featuring a specific temple. This dramatically speeds up the initial organization and storyboarding process, allowing her to spend more time on creative storytelling and fine-tuning. Embracing AI for culling and selection isn't about replacing human judgment; it's about offloading the mundane, repetitive tasks to intelligent algorithms. This frees up your brain for the truly creative decisions – the nuances of composition, emotional pacing, and storytelling – which are the unique domain of human artistry. It’s about leveraging technology to become a more efficient and impactful creator. ## Batch Processing & Preset Automation Once you've selected your best assets, the next major hurdle is processing them. Whether it's applying color corrections to hundreds of photos, optimizing audio levels across multiple clips, or exporting videos in various formats, batch processing and preset automation are indispensable skills for efficiency. These techniques ensure consistency, save immense amounts of time, and reduce the chance of manual errors. ### Photo Editing Workflow Automation For photographers, repetitive editing tasks are ubiquitous. Batch processing tools within image editors are your best friend: * Applying Presets: Develop custom presets (e.g., for color grading, exposure correction, sharpening) in software like Adobe Lightroom, Capture One, or Luminar. Once perfected, these can be applied to hundreds or thousands of images with a single click. This is especially useful for consistent branding across a client’s portfolio or maintaining a specific aesthetic for your own work while freelancing from Medellin.
- Batch Adjustments: Need to adjust the white balance or crop of an entire series of photos? Batch processing allows you to make a single change and apply it to all selected images simultaneously.
- Synchronize Settings: In Lightroom, for example, you can edit one photo to perfection and then synchronize those exact settings across a selection of other photos shot under similar conditions.
- Automated Export: Once edited, photos often need to be exported in different sizes, file types (JPEG, PNG, WebP), and quality settings for various platforms (web, social media, print). Export presets allow you to define these specifications once and then export multiple versions of all your selected images in one go. For instance, you can have a "Web Gallery" preset for small JPEGs and a "Client Hi-Res" preset for full-size TIFFs.
- Watermarking & Copyright: Automatically apply your watermark or copyright information during export, ensuring your work is protected regardless of where it's shared. Practical Tip: Invest time in creating a library of custom presets for your most common shooting scenarios and client requirements. This upfront effort will pay dividends many times over. Also, regularly back up your presets, as they are a valuable part of your automated workflow. ### Video & Audio Production Automation The principles of batch processing and presets extend powerfully to video and audio: * Standardizing Color Grades: Just like photo presets, you can create and apply LUTs (Look-Up Tables) or color grading presets in video editing software (Premiere Pro, DaVinci Resolve, Final Cut Pro) across multiple clips or even entire sequences. This ensures a consistent look for your video project.
- Audio Normalization & Compression: For podcasts, interviews, or voiceovers, consistent audio levels are crucial. Tools can automatically normalize audio tracks to a target loudness (e.g., LUFS standard for broadcast) and apply basic compression or EQ with presets. This ensures a professional sound without manual adjustments for every segment. This is particularly useful for podcasters or those doing voiceover work from a temporary studio in Bangkok.
- Proxy Generation: Working with high-resolution video footage (4K, 6K, 8K) can be demanding on your computer, especially if you're editing on a laptop while traveling. Many NLEs (Non-Linear Editors) can automatically generate lower-resolution proxy files upon import, allowing for smoother editing. When it's time to export, the software automatically relinks to the original high-resolution media.
- Export Queues & Presets: Video and audio projects often need to be delivered in multiple formats – high-res ProRes for archiving, H.264 for YouTube, small MP4 for social media, WAV for audio masters, etc. Creating export presets and utilizing an export queue (e.g., Adobe Media Encoder) allows you to batch render all these versions in the background, freeing up your editing software for other tasks. This dramatically reduces waiting time and mental overhead.
- Automated Asset Generation: Some tools can even auto-generate social media cuts or different aspect ratios from a single master video, saving time on repurposing content. Example Scenario: A remote video editor is tasked with producing a series of short social media ads from a single master commercial. Instead of manually re-editing and exporting each version, they can create a sequence for each aspect ratio (16:9, 9:16, 1:1) and apply pre-made color and audio presets. Then, they use an export queue to render all variations simultaneously, complete with specific bitrate and resolution settings defined in their export presets. This turns a multi-hour task into a background process that takes minutes to set up. Mastering batch processing and preset automation transforms your post-production workflow from a manual grind into an efficient, predictable assembly line. It ensures brand consistency, reduces errors, and most importantly, saves countless hours that can be reallocated to creative direction, client communication, or simply enjoying your life as a digital nomad. It's a cornerstone skill for scaling your creative output without scaling your working hours. ## Scripting and Macro for Repetitive Tasks When off-the-shelf automation tools fall short, scripting and macros step in to fill the gap. These advanced automation techniques allow you to create custom commands and sequences of actions that precisely fit your unique workflow needs. While they might seem intimidating at first, investing time in learning basic scripting or macro creation can unlock unparalleled levels of efficiency, especially for highly repetitive tasks that involve multiple applications or complex logic. ### Understanding Scripts and Macros * Macros: Typically record a sequence of user actions (keypresses, mouse clicks) and then play them back. They are often specific to an application (e.g., Photoshop actions, Resolve macros) and are excellent for automating sequences of commands within that program.
- Scripts: Are lines of code written in a programming language (e.g., Python, JavaScript, AppleScript, PowerShell) that can interact with an operating system and often multiple applications. They are more flexible, powerful, and can incorporate conditional logic (if-then statements), loops, and external data. ### Automation in Photo Production (Photoshop & Lightroom) Adobe applications, staples for many photographers, offer powerful scripting capabilities: * Photoshop Actions: These are glorified macros. You "record" a sequence of steps (e.g., resize, sharpen, apply a filter, save for web) and then play it back on single images or batch-process entire folders. This is perfect for creating consistent deliverables like web-optimized images, print-ready files with specific color profiles, or even complex multi-layer compositions from predefined elements.
- Scripting in Photoshop: For more complex automation, Photoshop supports JavaScript (ExtendScript). This allows for tasks like: Reading data from a spreadsheet to populate text layers in an image (e.g., social media graphics). Conditional processing: "If image is wider than 1920px, then resize; otherwise, just sharpen." Exporting layers as separate files with specific naming conventions. Integrating with external systems for asset delivery.
- Lightroom Export Filters: While not full scripting, Lightroom allows for sophisticated export presets that can apply naming conventions, metadata, watermarks, resizing, and sharpening based on a variety of conditions. Real-world Example: A product photographer might use a Photoshop Action to open a raw file, apply a specific curve adjustment, run a sharpening filter, remove a white background using AI selection, add a drop shadow, resize to 1000px, and save as a PNG for an e-commerce website. This entire chain can be triggered with one click for hundreds of product shots. ### Automation in Video & Audio Production Scripting is particularly impactful in video and audio workflows due to the complexity and sheer volume of data: Adobe Premiere Pro / After Effects Scripting: Project Setup: Scripts can automate project creation, folder structures, importing specific assets (lower-thirds, intro/outro), and setting up sequences. For repetitive video types (e.g., weekly news segments, standard explainers), this saves precious setup time. Graphics: Integrate spreadsheets or APIs to dynamically update text, numbers, or images in After Effects compositions, generating multiple versions of a graphic or animating data visualizations without manual data entry. Automated Export & Rendering: While Media Encoder handles queues, scripts can trigger specific renders based on conditions, rename output files, and move them to network locations or cloud storage automatically upon completion, ready for client review via a client collaboration platform.
- DaVinci Resolve Scripting (Python & Lua): Resolve offers powerful scripting APIs that allow users to: Create custom tools for common tasks. Automate project management, like archiving old projects or consolidating media. Process entire timelines, such as applying specific effects or color grades to all clips that meet certain criteria. Integrate with external services for tasks like uploading proxies or sending notifications.
- Audio Batch Processing (Audacity Macros, Logic Pro Scripts, Python Libraries): Podcast Production: Scripts can batch process raw interview audio: normalize volume, remove background noise (using filters), apply a compressor, and export in specific WAV and MP3 formats for different platforms. Sound Effect Libraries: Automatically categorize and rename sound effects based on their characteristics, often using AI analysis to detect elements like "car horn," "ambience," or "footsteps." Python libraries like `pydub` or `librosa` can be used for sophisticated audio analysis and manipulation. Practical Tips for Getting Started with Scripting: 1. Start Small: Don't try to automate an entire workflow initially. Pick one small, highly repetitive task and try to script it.
2. Use Existing Resources: Many communities (Adobe forums, DaVinci Resolve forums, GitHub) offer pre-made scripts and excellent tutorials to get you started.
3. Learn the Basics of a Language: Python is highly recommended due to its versatility, extensive libraries for media processing, and strong community support. AppleScript (macOS) and PowerShell (Windows) are also good for system-level automation.
4. Embrace Incremental Improvement: Every small automation you implement saves you time. Over weeks and months, these savings compound significantly, especially when you're managing projects from locations with varying internet speeds like Chiang Mai. Scripting and macros are the next level of automation. They transform you from a user of tools into a builder of custom solutions. This skill set is incredibly valuable, not just for saving time, but for differentiating yourself in a competitive creative market by developing truly unique and hyper-efficient workflows. It moves beyond "how to use software" to "how to make software work for you." ## AI for Advanced Editing & Content Enhancement Artificial intelligence is rapidly blurring the lines between technical production and creative intervention. Beyond culling and basic processing, AI is now becoming a powerful co-pilot in advanced editing and content enhancement for photo, video, and audio production. Understanding how to these AI capabilities is becoming a critical skill for digital nomads and remote teams seeking to produce high-quality, impactful content efficiently. ### AI in Photo Editing Modern photo editors are integrating AI in increasingly sophisticated ways: * Generative AI for Backgrounds/Elements: Tools like Adobe Photoshop's Generative Fill allow you to extend images, remove objects, or even add entirely new elements based on text prompts. This dramatically speeds up compositing and retouching tasks that previously required advanced manual skills. Imagine expanding a scenic photo to fit a wide banner, or removing an unwanted sign from a street scene in Kyoto, all with a few clicks.
- Smart Selection & Masking: AI-powered selection tools (e.g., Photoshop's Select Subject, Portrait AI in Luminar) can precisely isolate subjects, hair, or complex objects with remarkable accuracy, making advanced masking for targeted adjustments or background swaps significantly faster and easier.
- Upscaling & Denoising: AI-based upscaling (e.g., Topaz Gigapixel AI) can enlarge images without significant loss of quality, while denoising algorithms can dramatically clean up noisy photos taken in low light. This can rescue technically challenging shots and extend the usability of your media library.
- Style Transfer & AI Filters: While sometimes seen as gimmicky, AI style transfer can be creatively applied to achieve unique artistic effects, transforming an image to mimic a painting style or applying a specific aesthetic consistently across a series.
- Content-Aware Editing: Tools can intelligently fill in gaps when content is moved or removed, saving hours of cloning and healing for complex retouching tasks. Actionable Advice: Experiment with AI tools, but always maintain a critical eye. AI is a powerful assistant, not a replacement for creative vision. Use it to automate tedious tasks, speed up challenging edits, and explore new creative possibilities, but ultimately, let your artistic judgment guide the final output. ### AI in Video Editing & Post-Production AI is truly revolutionizing video workflows, from basic clean-up to complex effects: * Automated Color Matching: AI can analyze the color palette of one clip and automatically apply a similar look to other clips, ensuring consistency across scenes and different camera sources.
- Smart Reframing: For content creators repurposing widescreen video for vertical platforms (TikTok, Instagram Reels), AI can automatically track subjects and reframe the shot to keep them centered, eliminating the need for manual keyframing.
- Intelligent Stabilisation: While traditional stabilization exists, AI can often provide superior and less artifact-prone stabilization, particularly for handheld footage.
- Rotoscoping & Masking: AI-powered rotoscoping (e.g., in After Effects) can automatically isolate moving subjects, dramatically reducing the manual effort required for complex visual effects, green screen replacements, or specific color grading on a character.
- Object Removal: AI can analyze video sequences and intelligently remove unwanted objects or people, seamlessly filling the gaps in a way that traditional methods would find extremely challenging.
- Automated Caption Generation & Translation: Beyond basic transcription, AI can generate precise captions and even translate them into multiple languages, making your video content accessible to a wider global audience and improving SEO for video content.
- Facial Recognition for Editing: AI can identify specific actors or speakers in footage, allowing editors to quickly find all relevant clips of a particular person or create rough cuts based on who is speaking. Real-world Example: A digital nomad filmmaker shooting a documentary while traveling through Bogota has hours of interviews in different lighting conditions and with varying accents. AI-powered transcription allows for text-based editing, automatically generates captions for accessibility, and facilitates quick searches for specific discussion points. Later, AI color matching helps normalize the look across different interview segments, and smart reframing makes repurposing clips for social media a breeze. ### AI in Audio Production & Enhancement AI is making waves in audio, providing solutions for common problems and enhancing sound quality: * Noise Reduction & De-reverb: AI algorithms can intelligently identify and remove background noise (hiss, hum, street sounds) and reverb from recordings, dramatically cleaning up audio captured in challenging environments. Tools like Adobe Audition's "Reduce Noise" or iZotope RX offer highly effective AI-powered solutions.
- Voice Isolation & Enhancement: AI can isolate speech from background music or other sounds, making dialogue clearer and easier to mix. Some tools can even enhance speech quality, making voices sound more professional. This is a godsend for podcasters and voiceover artists.
- Automated Mixing & Mastering Suggestions: While not fully automated yet, AI is starting to provide intelligent suggestions for mixing and mastering, analyzing audio characteristics and recommending EQs, compressors, or limiters. Some AI tools can even generate initial mixes based on genre or desired mood.
- Music Generation & Sound Design: Generative AI is emerging for creating royalty-free background music or custom sound effects based on prompts. While still in early stages, this hints at a future where basic scoring and sound design could be significantly accelerated. Practical Tip: Always use AI tools as a preliminary step. Review the results carefully and apply your human expertise for fine-tuning. AI is best used to get you 80-90% of the way there, allowing you to focus your creative energy on the final, critical 10-20% that makes content truly stand out and resonate. The ability to integrate and effectively utilize these AI-driven editing and enhancement tools is no longer a niche skill. It's a fundamental requirement for anyone looking to stay competitive, produce high-quality work efficiently, and explore new creative frontiers in photo, video, and audio production in 2024 and beyond. ## Integration & Workflow Orchestration Mastering individual automation tools is one thing; making them work together in a cohesive, end-to-end workflow is where true efficiency is unlocked. Integration and workflow orchestration involve connecting different applications, scripts, and services to create a production pipeline, minimizing manual handoffs and maximizing throughput. For digital nomads and remote teams, this interconnectedness is vital for smooth collaboration, consistent output, and avoiding the "digital shoebox" of fragmented tools. ### Building an Interconnected Workflow Think of your production process as a series of stations on an assembly line. Each station performs a specific automated task, and the output of one smoothly becomes the input of the next. 1. Centralized Asset Management (MAM/DAM): At the heart of any integrated workflow is a Digital Asset Management (DAM) or Media Asset Management (MAM) system. While enterprise-level solutions exist, smaller teams and individual freelancers can cloud storage (Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive) combined with intelligent naming and metadata. More advanced options include server-based solutions or cloud-native platforms designed specifically for media. These systems serve as the central repository for all raw and processed assets, ensuring everyone on a remote team, whether in Berlin or Seoul, is working from the same, most current versions. Many DAMs integrate directly with creative applications.
2. Zapier, Make (formerly Integromat), and IFTTT: These "no-code" automation platforms are incredible for connecting disparate web services and applications. Trigger an action: "When a new file is uploaded to Dropbox (trigger), then..." Perform an action: "...send a notification to Slack (action), and add a task to Asana (action)." Combine and extend: You can create complex multi-step "zaps" or "scenarios" that automatically: Receive client brief via email > Create Trello card > Notify team on Discord. New video uploaded to YouTube > Cross-post to Facebook & LinkedIn > Add link to content calendar. Client approves deliverables in project management tool > Trigger final invoice creation in accounting software. These tools bridge the gaps between your creative software, communication platforms, project management tools, and storage solutions, allowing for truly automated coordination.
3. Operating System-Level Automation (AppleScript, PowerShell, Task Scheduler): Your operating system provides powerful capabilities for file-based automation: Watch Folders: Files dropped into a specific folder can trigger scripts to rename, move, convert, or process them. For example, a video producer could have a "Proxy_Render" folder. Any video dropped in automatically gets a proxy generated and moved to the editing folder. Scheduled Tasks: Regularly clean up old render files, back up project files, or sync specific folders at off-peak hours. Custom Shortcuts: Create system-wide shortcuts that trigger complex multi-application workflows. ### Workflow Orchestration for Remote Teams For remote teams, workflow orchestration becomes even more critical for collaboration, particularly when team members are spread across geographically diverse locations. Version Control: Ensure everyone is working on the correct version of a file. While creative files are large, tools like Perforce Helix Core (for large media) or cloud-native editing platforms with built-in version control are essential. For smaller teams, disciplined file naming and cloud storage versioning can suffice.
- Automated Reviews & Approvals: Integrate review platforms (frame.io, Wipster) with your project management tools. When a new version is uploaded for review, an automated notification is sent to clients or stakeholders. Once approved, the system can automatically mark the task as complete and move to the next stage (e.g., final export and delivery).
- Synchronized Media & Projects: For video editing teams, proxies are critical. Automated proxy generation and syncing across team members' systems means editors can work locally with fast performance, while the projects are linked to cloud-based master media for final renders.
- Automated Reporting: Generate daily or weekly reports on project progress, task completion, and resource utilization by pulling data from your project management and time-tracking tools. This keeps everyone informed without manual aggregation. Example of an Orchestrated Workflow: 1. Client brief arrives in a project management system (e.g., Asana), triggering a new project in your asset management system.
2. Raw media is ingested. An automated script renames files, applies initial metadata, and organizes them into project folders.
3. Proxies are automatically generated and synced to cloud storage for remote editors.
4. AI culling (for photos) or AI transcription (for videos) runs as a background process.
5. Editors work using their NLE. Upon saving, project files are automatically backed up and new versions are created in the DAM.
6. First cuts are exported to a video review platform. An automation triggers client notification.
7. Client feedback is submitted on the review platform, automatically creating tasks for revisions in the project management system.
8. Final approved export triggers metadata updates, archiving to long-term storage, and notification to the client of delivery. A Zapier integration might even trigger an invoice. This level of integration and orchestration requires initial setup and maintenance but yields massive returns in terms of efficiency, consistency, and reduced human error. It transforms a piecemeal collection of tasks into a smoothly running machine, allowing remote creative professionals and teams to focus on their core competencies and deliver exceptional results, regardless of their physical location. Learning to connect these dots is a crucial skill for today's creative professional. ## Data Security & Backup Automation For creative professionals, especially digital nomads, their media files are their livelihood. A lost hard drive, a corrupted project, or a cyber-attack can spell disaster. Therefore, data security and backup automation are not optional; they are fundamental. Mastering these skills ensures that your creative assets are always safe, recoverable, and protected, allowing you to work with peace of mind from anywhere in the world. This is especially true when working from shared networks in places like [