Event Producer Rates & Pricing Guide 2026

Event Producer Rates & Pricing Guide 2026: Navigating the Market as a Digital Nomad

• Budgeting & Financial Management: Creating detailed budgets, tracking expenses, negotiating contracts, and ensuring financial viability.
• Vendor Management: Sourcing, vetting, and managing relationships with venues, caterers, audiovisual teams, entertainers, photographers, and other suppliers.
• Logistics & Operations: Overseeing venue setup, transportation, accommodation, registration, staffing, and crowd management.
• Marketing & Promotion: Working with marketing teams to create communication plans, manage invitations, and drive attendance.
• Risk Management & Contingency Planning: Identifying potential issues (weather, technical failures, cancellations) and developing backup plans.
• Technical Proficiency: For virtual and hybrid events, this includes understanding platforms, streaming technologies, and interactive tools.
• Client Communication & Stakeholder Management: Acting as the primary point of contact, managing expectations, and coordinating with all involved parties.
• On-site/Live Management: Leading the event execution, making real-time decisions, and troubleshooting problems as they occur.
• Post-Event Analysis: Gathering feedback, analyzing data, and preparing reports on event success. This multifaceted role demands a blend of creativity, organization, leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills. These aren't entry-level tasks, and your pricing should reflect the years of experience and specialized knowledge you've accumulated. Our article on Essential Tools for Remote Project Management offers insights into platforms that can assist with many of these tasks for remote producers. ## Common Pricing Models for Event Producers in 2026 The event production industry offers several established pricing models, each with its advantages and disadvantages depending on the project scope, client relationship, and your business strategy. As a digital nomad, understanding these models allows you to adapt your proposals to different market needs and client expectations, whether you're working with a startup in Austin or a multinational corporation. ### 1. Fixed Fee (Project-Based) The fixed fee model involves agreeing on a single, all-inclusive price for an entire project. This is often preferred by clients who want budget certainty and by producers who have a clear understanding of the project scope and can accurately estimate the time and resources required. Pros: Budget Certainty for Client: Clients appreciate knowing the total cost upfront. Simplicity: Easy to understand and administer. Incentive for Efficiency: You're motivated to complete the project efficiently, as any time saved increases your effective hourly rate.
• Cons: Scope Creep Risk: If the project requirements expand beyond the initial agreement, you risk doing extra work without additional pay. Clear contracts with scope definition and change order clauses are crucial. Difficulty in Estimation: Challenging for complex or undefined projects. * Potential for Undercharging: If unexpected issues arise or the project takes longer than anticipated, your profit margins can diminish.
• Best For: Well-defined projects with clear deliverables, recurring events, or clients with established processes. Examples include a specific virtual conference, a product launch event, or a company holiday party.
• Digital Nomad Tip: When working remotely across time zones, define communication expectations and approval processes clearly in your fixed-fee contract to prevent delays that can impact your timeline and profitability. Using project management platforms can help track progress and manage expectations effectively, as discussed in Managing Remote Teams Across Time Zones. ### 2. Percentage of Total Event Budget This model involves charging a percentage of the client’s overall event budget. The percentage can vary widely (typically 10-20% for full-service production, sometimes lower for specific services like design or logistics only), depending on the complexity, size, and type of event. Pros: Scalability: As the event budget increases, so does your fee, aligning your interests with the client’s investment in a successful event. Transparency: The fee is directly tied to the overall spend, which can feel fair to some clients. Incentive for Cost Savings: Some producers include clauses where they share a percentage of cost savings they achieve, further motivating efficiency.
• Cons: Disincentive for Client to Spend: Clients might be hesitant to increase the budget, even if it would enhance the event, because it directly increases your fee. Fluctuating Income: Your income is directly dependent on the client's budget, which can change. * Perception of Bias: Some clients may perceive you as having an incentive to inflate vendor costs (though ethical producers always aim for best value).
• Best For: Larger, more complex events where the producer is responsible for managing a significant portion of the budget, such as large-scale conferences, gala dinners, or multi-day retreats.
• Digital Nomad Tip: Be transparent about how your fee is calculated and clearly differentiate between your fee and vendor costs. Include a minimum fee or retainer in your contract, even if working on a percentage, to safeguard against last-minute budget cuts. ### 3. Hourly Rate Charging an hourly rate is straightforward: you bill for the time you spend working on the project. This is common for smaller tasks, consultation work, or when the scope of work is highly variable and difficult to define upfront. Pros: Fairness: You are compensated for every hour of work, regardless of how long the project takes. Flexibility: Adapts well to changing project scopes or unforeseen circumstances. Good for Consultations: Ideal for advisory roles or initial planning phases.
• Cons: Client Uncertainty: Clients often dislike hourly rates due to the unpredictable final cost. Lack of Incentive for Efficiency (Perceived): Clients may worry that you'll take longer to complete tasks to increase your billable hours. * Administrative Burden: Requires detailed time tracking, which can be cumbersome.
• Best For: Consultancy services, event design work without full production oversight, small specific tasks, or initial discovery phases.
• Digital Nomad Tip: Implement time tracking software and provide regular, transparent reports to your clients. Set clear expectations on estimated hours and potential maximums to mitigate client concerns. This method can work well for specialized services offered by digital nomads, like virtual event technical consultancy, which can be provided from anywhere, be it Prague or Medellin. For resources on freelance time management, see our article on Boosting Productivity as a Remote Freelancer. ### 4. Day Rate Similar to an hourly rate but applied to a full day of work (e.g., 8-10 hours). This is particularly common for on-site management, setup/teardown days, or concentrated periods of work. Pros: Simplicity: Easier to track and bill than hourly rates for concentrated work periods. * Preferred by Clients for Specific Coverage: When they need you for specific event days or busy preparation days.
• Cons: Less Flexible for Short Tasks: Not ideal if tasks only take a few hours. Potential for Underutilization: If there isn't full-day work, you might be less efficient.
• Best For: On-site event management, specific project phases requiring intense, short-term effort, or directing a production crew.
• Digital Nomad Tip: Clearly define what constitutes a "day" (e.g., 8 hours) and address overtime if applicable. Ensure your day rate accounts for travel time and expenses if you're flying in for an on-site assignment. ### 5. Retainer Model A retainer involves a client paying a recurring fee (monthly or quarterly) for a set amount of your time or specific services. This is ideal for clients who require ongoing event support or wish to have a producer "on call." Pros: Predictable Income: Provides stable, recurring revenue for the producer. Long-Term Relationships: Fosters deeper client relationships and understanding. Priority Service: Clients often receive preferential treatment or dedicated resources.
• Cons: Requires Consistent Work: Not suitable if the client has sporadic event needs. Scope Management: Still requires careful management of what’s included in the retainer to avoid scope creep. * Client Commitment: Requires a higher level of commitment from the client.
• Best For: Clients with multiple events throughout the year, organizations needing ongoing event strategy and consultation, or brands with a continuous need for event marketing support.
• Digital Nomad Tip: Retainers are excellent for digital nomads as they provide financial stability while allowing flexibility in managing your workload from anywhere. Define the scope of services included in the retainer very precisely to avoid ambiguity. This can include anything from virtual event planning to content strategy for live experiences. ### 6. Hybrid Models Often, the most effective pricing strategy is a combination of these models. For instance, a fixed fee for the core planning and execution, plus a day rate for on-site management, and an hourly rate for any post-event consultation or unanticipated changes. Or even a percentage of the budget + a minimum base fee. Pros: Flexibility: Tailors the pricing to the specific needs of the project. * Risk Mitigation: Can balance certainty for the client with fair compensation for the producer.
• Cons: * Complexity: Can be more difficult to structure and explain to clients.
• Best For: Most complex projects where a single model doesn't fully capture the scope and potential variations. By familiarizing yourself with these models, you can confidently propose a pricing structure that aligns with your skills, the project's demands, and your client's budget. Remember, clarity and transparency in your proposal are key, regardless of the model chosen. For more ideas on how to diversify income streams, check out our guide on Maximizing Your Digital Nomad Income. ## Factors Influencing Event Producer Rates in 2026 The "right" rate for an event producer is rarely a fixed number. It's a figure influenced by a multitude of interconnected factors. As a digital nomad, these factors can be even more diverse, spanning different geographic markets and client types. Understanding these will help you justify your pricing and remain competitive. ### 1. Experience and Expertise This is arguably the most significant factor.
• Entry-Level (0-2 years): Often works as an assistant or coordinator, learning the ropes. Rates will be lower, likely hourly or a small fixed fee for basic tasks.
• Mid-Level (3-7 years): Capable of managing smaller events independently or significant components of larger events. Has a growing vendor network and problem-solving skills. Can command higher hourly or project fees.
• Senior/Expert (8+ years): Proven track record, specialized knowledge (e.g., virtual events, destination events, specific industry niches), extensive network, and the ability to manage highly complex projects with significant budgets. These producers command premium rates, often working on percentage-based models or high fixed fees.
• Niche Specialization: Specializing in areas like sustainable events, high-tech virtual conferences, luxury weddings, or specific industry trade shows (e.g., biotech, fintech) can significantly boost your perceived value and, consequently, your rates. If you've managed complex hybrid events for international clients, your expertise is naturally more valuable than someone who only does small local gatherings. ### 2. Project Scope and Complexity The magnitude and intricacy of an event directly correlate with the producer's fee.
• Event Type: A multi-day international conference with complex audiovisual requirements and multiple speakers will command a much higher fee than a simple virtual workshop or a local charity fundraiser.
• Number of Attendees: More attendees often mean more logistics, staffing, and risk management, which increases the producer's workload.
• Duration: A single-day event is less complex than a multi-day festival or a series of roadshow events.
• Number of Vendors: Coordinating multiple vendors (catering, AV, entertainment, decor, security, transportation, etc.) adds considerable complexity.
• Technical Requirements: Events with advanced tech needs (live streaming, interactive platforms, AR/VR experiences, custom apps) require specialized skills and more time.
• Location(s): Single-location events are simpler than multi-location or hybrid events. Planning a destination event in Bangkok for a client based in London adds layers of complexity, from cultural understanding to currency exchange and time zone management. ### 3. Client Budget and Organization Type Clients vary widely in their financial capacity and expectations.
• Corporate Clients: Generally have larger budgets for events such as product launches, corporate galas, and incentive trips. They often expect a high level of professionalism and polished execution.
• Non-Profit Organizations: Tend to have tighter budgets but are often mission-driven, which can be rewarding. You might offer a reduced rate or look for sponsorship opportunities where appropriate.
• Small Businesses/Startups: May have limited budgets but can offer opportunities for creative control and building long-term relationships.
• Private Clients: (e.g., weddings, milestone celebrations) Budgets can vary greatly based on their personal financial situation and desire for luxury.
• Geographic Market: While digital nomads are location-independent, the client's location and their market can influence budget expectations. A company in New York City typically has a higher event budget than one in a smaller, lower cost-of-living market. ### 4. Geographic Location (Client's & Producer's Influence) Even as a digital nomad, location still plays a subtle role.
• Client's Market: Event producer rates are generally higher in major metropolitan areas with a high cost of living and corporate presence (e.g., San Francisco, Dubai, Singapore). If your client is based in such a city, their budget expectations might be higher, allowing you to charge more even if you are working remotely from Chiang Mai.
• Producer's Location (for on-site work): If you are required to be on-site, your travel expenses (flights, accommodation, per diem) will need to be factored into your pricing. Be clear about what's included and what's extra.
• Virtual vs. Hybrid vs. In-Person: Virtual events generally have lower overheads (no venue, catering, physical decor), but require specialized technical expertise. Hybrid events, naturally, are typically the most expensive and complex due to managing both physical and digital experiences simultaneously. ### 5. Services Included (Full-Service vs. Partial) Your rates will differ significantly based on whether you're providing full end-to-end production or just a specific service.
• Full-Service Production: This encompasses everything from concept to post-event analysis. This naturally commands the highest fees due to the extensive time commitment and responsibility.
• Partial Services: You might be hired for event design, vendor coordination only, AV management, or virtual platform management. These specific services will be priced individually, either hourly, daily, or as a smaller fixed fee. Clearly defining the scope of services is paramount here. ### 6. Value-Added Elements and Technology What extra special sauce do you bring?
• Unique Creative Vision: If you're known for truly concepts or exceptional design aesthetics, this adds significant value.
• Proprietary Tools/Software: Having access to advanced registration platforms, networking apps, or data analytics tools can be a selling point.
• Extensive Network: A network of preferred vendors, speakers, or entertainers can save clients time and money, adding to your value.
• Sustainability Practices: As more clients prioritize environmental impact, producers specializing in eco-friendly events can command a premium.
• Data & Analytics: Offering detailed post-event analysis with actionable insights adds significant value beyond mere execution.
• Accessibility Expertise: Ensuring events are accessible to all attendees, including those with disabilities, is a growing requirement and can be a specialized service. By meticulously considering these factors, you can build a more accurate and justifiable pricing structure that reflects the true scope of your work and the value you deliver to your clients. Remember, your rates are not just about expenses; they're an indicator of your professionalism and reliability. To gain more insight into project planning for varied types of clients, see our article on Project Management Strategies for Freelancers. ## Crafting Your Rate Card and Proposal A well-structured rate card and a compelling proposal are your primary tools for converting leads into paying clients. As a digital nomad, these documents are often your first and only in-person interaction with potential clients, so they must be clear, professional, and persuasive. ### Components of a Professional Rate Card Your rate card shouldn't just be a list of numbers; it should articulate the value behind those numbers.

1. Introduction & Philosophy: Briefly introduce yourself, your company (e.g., your freelance brand), and your core philosophy or unique selling proposition. What kind of events do you specialize in? What makes you different?

2. Service Tiers/Packages: Instead of just listing hourly rates, consider offering packages. This can make overwhelming choices simpler for clients and often allows you to bundle services for a higher overall value. "Basic" / "Consultation": E.g., 2-3 hours of strategy calls, initial concept development. "Partial Production": E.g., Vendor sourcing and negotiation for specific categories OR on-site coordination only. "Full-Service Production": E.g., End-to-end planning, design, execution, and post-event reporting. "Virtual Event Specialist": E.g., Dedicated packages for virtual or hybrid events, focusing on platform management, technical direction, and attendee engagement.

3. Pricing Structure for Each Service: Clearly indicate which pricing model (fixed fee, percentage, hourly, day rate) applies to which service. Hourly Rate (if applicable): State your standard hourly rate for general consulting or ad-hoc tasks. (e.g., $75 - $250+ USD/hour, depending on experience and location served). Day Rate (if applicable): For on-site work or dedicated full days. (e.g., $600 - $2000+ USD/day). Fixed Fee Ranges: For common event types, provide a starting point or a typical range (e.g., "Full-Service for a virtual conference (up to 200 attendees): Starting from $5,000 – $15,000+"). Always emphasize that these are estimates and a custom quote will be provided. Percentage of Budget: State your typical percentage range (e.g., "10-20% of the total event budget, with a minimum project fee of $X").

4. Add-on Services: List any additional services that can be included for an extra fee (e.g., detailed post-event analytics, custom event apps, speaker management beyond a certain number, sustainability consulting, international travel for onsite visits).

5. Payment Terms: Clearly outline your payment schedule (e.g., 50% retainer upfront, 25% mid-project, 25% upon completion; or monthly for retainers). Include details on accepted payment methods, late payment policies, and cancellation clauses.

6. Call to Action: Invite clients to schedule a discovery call to discuss their specific needs. ### Developing a Winning Proposal Your project proposal takes the general rates from your rate card and tailors them to the client's specific event.

1. Executive Summary: A concise overview of the client's need, your proposed solution, and the expected benefits. This should grab their attention immediately.

2. Understanding the Client's Needs & Goals: Demonstrate that you've actively listened to their requirements. Reiterate their objectives, target audience, and any pain points they wish to address. This shows empathy and attention to detail.

3. Proposed Event Concept & Strategy: Outline your creative vision for their event. How will you achieve their goals? What unique elements will you incorporate? For a digital nomad, this is where you can showcase diverse cultural inspirations or global trends.

4. Scope of Services: Detail exactly what you will deliver. Be specific. List every task and responsibility you will undertake. This manages expectations and prevents scope creep.

5. Timeline & Milestones: Provide a realistic project timeline with key milestones and deliverables. For remote work, specify check-in points and communication methods.

6. Team & Resources: Briefly introduce your team (if applicable) or highlight your relevant experience and specific resources (e.g., "I will my network of trusted virtual event technicians..." or "I use industry-leading project management software...").

7. Investment (Custom Pricing): Present your chosen pricing model (fixed fee, percentage, etc.) and the detailed breakdown. If using a fixed fee, ensure it's backed by your estimated time and expenses. For percentage, clearly state the percentage and any minimums. Break down the costs as much as possible without overcomplicating it, showing value. * Don't forget to include potential expenses clients might overlook: Travel costs for you (if required on-site), software subscriptions, particular administrative costs, etc. Clearly state if these are included or separate.

8. Terms & Conditions: Attach your standard contract terms, including payment schedule, cancellation policies, intellectual property rights, and responsibilities.

9. Next Steps: Clearly state what the client should do next (e.g., "Schedule a follow-up call," "Sign and return the agreement by [date]"). ### Digital Nomad Considerations for Proposals and Rate Cards * Currency: Always specify the currency of your rates. If working with international clients, be prepared to discuss currency exchange rates or offer options for payment in different currencies. Wise (formerly TransferWise) is an excellent platform for international transfers.

• Time Zones: In your proposals, explicitly mention how you will manage communication across different time zones. Will you offer flexible meeting hours? How will you manage response times?
• Virtual Capabilities: Your rate card and proposals should heavily feature your expertise in virtual and hybrid events, as this is a core competency for many digital nomads. Highlight your ability to manage remote teams and technology for production.
• Legal & Tax Implications: Be aware of the legal and tax implications of working with international clients. Your contract should reflect the governing law. For guidance on these topics, see our article on Legal Considerations for Digital Nomads.
• Payment Gateways: Offer clients a variety of trusted payment gateways. PayPal, Stripe, and bank transfers are common. Clearly state how processing fees (if any) are handled. By investing time in creating professional rate cards and tailored proposals, you demonstrate your commitment to quality and build trust with potential clients, significantly increasing your chances of securing profitable projects. For more insights into showcasing your professional brand, refer to our article on Building Your Personal Brand as a Remote Professional. ## Negotiating Your Rates and Value Negotiation isn't just about haggling over numbers; it's about confidently articulating your value and finding a mutual agreement that benefits both parties. For digital nomad event producers, this skill is especially important when dealing with diverse client types and budget expectations from various global markets. ### 1. Preparation is Key * Know Your Bottom Line: Before any negotiation, determine the absolute minimum you can accept for a project to be profitable and worthwhile. This includes your time, overheads, and a reasonable profit margin.
• Research the Client and Industry: Understand their business, their typical event budgets, and what competitors might be charging for similar services. LinkedIn, company websites, and industry news are good resources.
• Have Data to Back Your Value: Quantify your past successes. How many attendees did you draw? How much money did you save previous clients? What was the ROI of events you produced? (e.g., "Increased lead generation by 30% for a tech client," "Reduced event operational costs by 15% through vendor negotiation").
• Anticipate Objections: Think about why a client might push back on your pricing. Is it perceived too high? Do they question the value? Prepare your responses proactively.
• Develop a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement): What will you do if this negotiation fails? Having other promising leads or options gives you power. ### 2. Communicating Your Value (Not Just Price) When a client questions your rate, don't just defend the number; elaborate on the value you provide.
• Focus on Outcomes, Not Inputs: Instead of "I charge $X/hour," say "My fee ensures a strategically designed event that will achieve [client goal, e.g., '20% increase in brand awareness'] and deliver a experience for your attendees. This leads to [benefit, e.g., 'stronger client relationships and a positive brand image']."
• Highlight Your Expertise and Experience: Remind them of your track record, specialized skills (e.g., virtual event technology, sustainable practices, international logistics), and extensive network.
• Peace of Mind: Emphasize that hiring you means they don't have to worry about the countless details. You manage the stress and complexity, allowing them to focus on their core business.
• Risk Mitigation: Point out how your experience helps avoid costly mistakes, delays, and reputational damage. An unforeseen issue at a large event can cost far more than your fee. ### 3. Strategies for Negotiation * Anchor High (Within Reason): Your initial proposal should be at the higher end of your acceptable range, leaving room for negotiation. Be confident in your initial ask.
• Listen Actively: Understand why the client is resisting. Is it a genuine budget constraint, or are they trying to get a better deal? This helps you tailor your concessions.
• Offer Value-Based Alternatives (Package Down, Not Price Down): Instead of simply lowering your price, offer to reduce the scope of services to fit their budget. "I understand that's above your budget. To meet your range, we could adjust from full-service to a partial-service model, focusing on critical planning and on-site oversight, with you delegating X tasks internally." "We could consider a smaller, more intimate event design that still delivers impact but reduces overall spend." This shows flexibility while maintaining your value for the services you do* provide.
• Don't Just Cut Your Rate: If you absolutely must lower your price, try to gain something in return: Referral/Testimonial: "I can offer a slight adjustment if you agree to provide an in-depth testimonial and allow me to use your event as a case study." Long-Term Contract: "I can offer this rate if we agree to a retainer for the next 12 months." * Faster Payment Terms: "I can adjust the final payment by X% if the full amount is settled within 7 days of the event."
• Address Specific Concerns: If they balk at a particular line item, explain its necessity. If they think an hourly rate is too high, perhaps switch to a fixed-fee for a defined deliverable.
• Be Prepared to Walk Away: Not every project is the right fit. If a client consistently devalues your work or pushes you below your profitable rate, it's often better to gracefully decline than to take on a project that will lead to burnout or financial strain. Your time as a digital nomad is precious, and finding the right fit is crucial for work-life balance. For more on client management, see Managing Client Expectations as a Freelancer. ### 4. Special Considerations for Digital Nomads * Time Zone Accommodation: While it's a selling point, managing meetings across time zones takes effort. Factor this into your mental load and, if extreme, potentially into your rates or terms.
• International Payments: Be clear about preferred payment methods and who bears the cost of transaction fees (e.g., sender pays all fees). Use services like Wise (formerly TransferWise) for transparent international transfers.
• Cultural Nuances: When negotiating with clients from different cultures, be aware of differing communication styles and expectations regarding politeness and directness. Research common business practices in their region.
• Showcase Remote-First Capabilities: When negotiating, highlight how your remote setup allows you to be more agile, tap into diverse talent, and potentially offer more competitive rates on certain types of events by avoiding overheads like physical office space. Negotiation is a skill that improves with practice. By approaching it strategically, confidently, and with a clear understanding of your value, you can secure fair compensation for your exceptional event production services. ## The Digital Nomad Advantage in Event Production The rise of remote work has fundamentally reshaped many industries, and event production is no exception. For digital nomads, this shift presents a unique advantage, allowing them to carve out a niche and thrive in ways traditional event planners often cannot. Embracing your location independence isn't just a lifestyle choice; it's a powerful business strategy. ### 1. Global Talent Pool and Diverse Perspectives * Access to Diverse Vendors: As a digital nomad, you're not limited to local suppliers. You can source specialized talent, unique entertainment, or cost-effective solutions from anywhere in the world. Need a niche AV expert? A virtual performer from a specific culture? Your network can span continents. Our resource on Finding and Vetting Remote Talent can be very helpful here.
• Cross-Cultural Insight: Living and working in various countries (e.g., spending a year in Kyoto followed by Buenos Aires) gives you an invaluable understanding of different cultures, customs, and communication styles. This is crucial for planning international events or events for diverse audiences, ensuring cultural sensitivity and authentic experiences.
• Fresh Ideas and Trends: Exposure to different markets and creative scenes can inspire event designs and concepts that might not be commonplace in a single geographic location. You're a trend-spotter by default. ### 2. Specialized Virtual and Hybrid Event Expertise The pandemic accelerated the demand for virtual and hybrid events, a domain where digital nomads naturally excel.
• Native Tech Proficiency: Many digital nomads are inherently tech-savvy, comfortable with collaboration tools, streaming platforms, and digital marketing. This makes them ideal candidates for managing the technical complexities of virtual and hybrid events.
• Remote Team Management: Digital nomads often have extensive experience managing and working within remote teams, a crucial skill for coordinating virtual event staff, speakers, and technical crews spread across different locations. Learn more about Tools for Remote Collaboration.
• Time Zone Mastery: You are accustomed to working across time zones, which is essential for global virtual events where attendees and speakers might be in different parts of the world. You understand how to schedule effectively and ensure 24/7 coverage if needed. ### 3. Agility and Flexibility * Rapid Adaptation: The ability to operate from anywhere means you can quickly adapt to changing client needs or unexpected global circumstances (e.g., travel restrictions, local lockdowns), ensuring project continuity.
• Scalability: You can easily scale your operations by bringing in freelance support on-demand, without the overhead of a large permanent staff or physical office.
• **Cost-